Thursday, August 27, 2020

General Concept and Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay - 3

General Concept and Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example An asks B, â€Å"Are you keen on purchasing this house?† A has not made an offer however is just inquiring as to whether he is keen on making an offer. B answers, â€Å"I’ll pay you  £50000† for this house.† B has made a proposal to An and An is at freedom to acknowledge or dismiss it. In a market where different articles are set apart at costs, the checking of cost doesn't imply that the dealers have made proposals to sell these things. These are only solicitations to offer. The venders can decline to sell these things regardless of the merchandise being set apart at the cost. Correspondence of offer implies that it ought to be made known to the offeree. The insignificant want of going into an understanding, which is never referenced to the offeree and stays covered up in the openings of one’s psyche, can never be viewed as an offer. Likewise, when an offer is made through a letter, it isn't viewed as a proposal until the letter is posted and it comes to the offeree. Likewise, the offer must come to the offeree through the offeror or his properly approved operator. On the off chance that the offeree comes to know about the proposal through some outside source, the offer isn't legitimate. An offer can be made by and large to people in general through the paper. However, on the off chance that it is planned for a specific individual, it ought to be made legitimately to that person. When the offer is made, it should be acknowledged by the offeree for the development of an understanding. It must be outright and unfit. There must be agreement promotion idem for example the two gatherings must consent to something very similar in a similar sense. This implies the offeree ought to consent to all the provisions of the offer. A certified acknowledgment is definitely not a substantial acknowledgment. It is viewed as a counter-offer and it ends the first proposal when it is made. In the event that the first offeror consents to the particulars of the counter-offer, an understanding is made. Acknowledgment ought to be imparted to the offeror.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Geographical Abbreviation

Land Abbreviation Land Abbreviation Land Abbreviation By Mark Nichol This post traces the utilization of shortening to allude to land areas and different references to area. Note that by and large, such references ought to be illuminated; condensing is generally saved for when space is restricted. A few distributions despite everything utilize customary contractions for states, for example, Calif. what's more, N.Y., yet the pattern is toward utilizing postal images, for example, CA for contraction when important, as in catalogs, records, tables, and street numbers. At the point when the more established shortened forms are utilized, incorporation of periods for initials (as in N.Y.) is prompted for consistency, yet by and large, the truncation style isn't suggested. (In any case, when US is utilized as a descriptive word, no periods are vital; the contraction ought not be utilized at all as a thing.) Regardless of whether a state or nation name following a city name is shortened or illuminated, the state or nation name ought to be punctuated when with commas: â€Å"San Diego, CA, is the second-biggest city in the state.† In a reference to a road address, go before the state truncation with a comma, however don't embed a second comma between the condensing and the ZIP code: â€Å"123 Main Street, Anytown, CA 54321.† (By the way, ZIP is an abbreviation representing â€Å"Zone Improvement Plan.†) At the point when a compass point is assigned in a road address, follow a solitary letter condensing with a period (as in â€Å"E. Primary Street†), however don't intersperse a two-letter shortened form or separate the road name from a contraction that follows (as in â€Å"First Street NW†). Compass focuses portrayed in disconnection are commonly explained (for instance, northwest), yet in specialized settings, they might be truncated as they are in addresses. For areas with words, for example, post, mount, and holy person in the name, counsel a land word reference or an authority printed or online asset about the area to decide if to illuminate or curtail the word. In any case, the Spanish counterparts of holy person, San and Santa, are rarely truncated. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:The Meaning of To a TLoan, Lend, Loaned, LentWhat the Heck are Peeps?

Friday, August 21, 2020

How to Write the Haverford Supplement 2018-2019 TKG

How to Write the Haverford Supplement 2018-2019 Haverford is a liberal arts school eight miles from Downtown Philadelphia. The student body is small, only 1,318 students, and Haverford has become known for putting immense trust in them. All students commit to adhering to an honor code that comes with more freedom than most college kids could imagine. This tradition was started in 1897, and the Honor Code is re-approved each year by the student body themselves. Haverford dorms do not have RAs overseeing student behavior, and exams are un-proctored (yes, there is no teacher in the room making sure you don’t cheat). Don’t think about breaking the honor code, though. With great freedom comes great consequence. The freedom Haverford offers has made it popular. Their acceptance rate for the class of 2022 was only 18.7%. The school’s thoughtfulness extends into the classroom, where 75% of classes have less than 20 students, and 89% have less than 30 students. This may not seem like a big deal, but remember that it’s not rare for science and math classes to swell into the hundreds at larger institutions.  Tell us about a topic or issue that sparks your curiosity and gets you intellectually excited. How do you think the environment at Haverford, including the framework of the Honor Code, would foster your continued intellectual growth? Please limit your response to 250 words.We said they take the Honor Code seriously, and leading with this question is proof of it. However, this is really two questions that need to be addressed directly while weaving them into one cohesive answer in only 250 words. We know it sounds like a lot, but it’s completely doable. First, actually read the Honor Code aka do your research. Yes, it’s long. It’s a few thousand words. Tough luck. If you’re applying to Haverford, you need to know what you are getting yourself into. While your reading it, highlight a few points that resonate with you. For example, you may highlight: “We, as a Haverford community, strive to foster a cademic spaces that are inclusive for all students. We also recognize that the academic environment benefits from a willingness on the part of the community to lean into discomfort.”  Second, you need to pick a topic or issue that says something about you and that you can talk about yourself through. This is to say, don’t just pick something that sounds fancy but that you don’t give a sh*t about. You also need to pick something that you can connect to the Honor Code. For example, if you highlighted the section above and you are passionate about politics, you might talk about how a one-sided discussion is stagnant, but multi-sided debates can become heated. You may look forward to being in a community where diversity of thought, when respectfully presented, is appreciated because it will challenge you to think outside of yourself and your opinions. That’s just an example, though, so come up with your own ideas for how to weave together the wonderful honor code and what makes your brain buzz! Please tell us what motivated you to apply to Haverford and what excites you most as you imagine your Haverford experience. Please limit your response to 150 words.This is the “Why us?” essay, and the first rule is that you will not talk about anything that you already mentioned in the first essay. Say what you are interested in majoring in, a few extracurriculars, and then really dial in on the culture. Bonus points if you mention how The Center for Peace and Global Citizenship, Hurford Center for the Arts and Humanities, or Koshland Integrated Natural Sciences Center could help you pursue your academic and professional goals. All three centers are at the top of their game, offering students with unique opportunities and even funding. By mentioning one of them, you show that you know more than the basics about Haverford and already value institutions that they hold dear.  If you read this post and have already clicked over to the Honor Code, you’re our type of kid. We help people like you get into great schools, so drop us a line!

Monday, May 25, 2020

Essay about From Innocence to Adulthood in The Catcher in...

From Innocence to Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye Adolescence is a time of existence in two worlds. One world having the desire to be in the adult world, which is filled with all the unknown wonders of the world. The other world is the world of childhood which is comfortable and protected from all the impurities in the world. This sort of tug of war between the two worlds is not only mentally imposed on a being, but physically, socially, and morally as well. With all the mentioned above, often times an adult will discourage an action of an adolescent by saying they are too old to a act a certain way, and then will turn around and say they are too young to do something, like go out late†¦show more content†¦Holden tries to give the illusion that he is older because when he orders the drink, he Orders it fast as possible, because if you hem and haw they think you are under 21 and wont sell you intoxicating liquor. This is the classic example of adolescence when one attempts to act older than his or her age when attempting to obtain alcohol. Up until the age of 21, all young adults want to give the illusion they are older than they are in hopes of obtaining special adult privileges, such as drinking alcohol, smoking, etc. However Holdens failed attempts forces him to realize that his act is fooling no one other than himself. Such an example can be seen when one goes to college bars and can see all the adults that are hanging out there. The people who are there are not fooling anyone as well. Sex is often the most complicated adult subjects, even for adults to understand themselves. The act of sex itself can be talked about immensely, as done in locker rooms or with friends, almost to the point where one could believe in the tales. However the act itself cannot be faked and innocence of such things are quite apparent when the situations do arise. The saying one can talk the talk, but cannot walk the walk describes this sort of situation perfectly. Holdens first experience with a woman who heShow MoreRelatedCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Novel Study In today’s world, innocence cannot be preserved forever. As humans age, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved foreverRead MoreThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 Pagespeople, this transition from youthfulness to maturity can be much more difficult than for others. These people often try to hold on to their childhood as long as they can. Unfortunately, life is not so simple. One cannot spend their entire life running from the responsibilities and hardships of adulthood because they will eventually have to accept the fact that they have a role in society that they mus t fulfill as a responsible, mature individual. The novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger followsRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Title Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe title of the novel, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, plays a significant role throughout the book as it has a substantial connection to Holden’s story. This title greatly allows for the main character, Holden Caulfield, to express his feelings towards life and towards human nature. Holden can see that the world he now lives in as it is becoming filled with corrupted people and minds. He believes the children are ruined by the ribald behavior of the older generations around them and as he shows the readerRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis1657 Words   |  7 PagesOne must inevitably confront the daunting face of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger depicts the disheartening journey from adolescence to adulthood that Holden Caulfield endures. Alth ough holden seeks the freedoms that mark adulthood, he has yet to take up the role of a truly mature citizen as the society conforming nature of those adults disgust him, leading him to his gradual mental decline. J. D. Salinger uses the immature character of Holden Caulfield as a meansRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Analysis1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger, Holden embodies an anxious, confused teenager who can’t figure out what his future will hold – usually stories like this involve some sort of growth, and result in a coming of age. Ironically, Holden’s only purpose is to resist maturity; throughout the book he grows and changes minimally, as a result of little to no success. Stuck in the middle of innocence and maturity, he is not able to apply himself to accomplish anything. In The Catcher in the Rye, SalingerRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 Pagesprotagonist of J.D. Salinger’s clas sic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and Holden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialistic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. After failing out of prep school, Holden retires toRead MoreLoss Of Innocence In Catcher In The Rye1429 Words   |  6 PagesJustin Hwang Ms. Lydia Wells English 9 10/24/17 Loneliness and Phoniness: Loss of Innocence in Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye Loss of innocence is one of the major elements of The Catcher in the Rye that make the novel so renowned. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is about an adolescent named Holden who wanders around New York City after being kicked out of a prestigious boarding school in eastern Pennsylvania. While learning more about himself and the adult world, he experiences alcohol,Read MoreCatcher in the Rye1601 Words   |  7 PagesInnocence, Compassion, and some ‘Crazy Cliff A novel, which has gained literary recognition worldwide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in the Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the preservation of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and adulthood. Embellishing the differentiation between innocence andRead MoreAmerican Literature And Ways They Cultivate Their Own Met hods Of Survival Within Their Societies1484 Words   |  6 Pagessocieties. A common outsider to which he refers is the lonely adolescent. As a character straddling the cusp of childhood and adulthood, the lonely adolescent navigates through a loss of innocence and disenchantment to come to terms with his own male identity, as well as establish his role in society and find purpose as an adult. J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye follows anti-hero Holden Caulfield through a seemingly innocuous trip in New York City. Throughout his journey, Holden triesRead MorePreservation of Innocence In The Catcher in the Rye Essay545 Words   |  3 Pagesthe reader. In The Catcher in the Rye, there are several themes that can be found in the words and actions of the narrator, Holden Caulfield. The dominating theme in this novel is the preservation of innocence, especially of children. We can see this throughout the novel, as Holden strives to preserve innocence in himself and others. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s outlook in life is either the innocence of childhood or the cruelty of adulthood. He believes that the innocence of childhood is

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Life Of The United States - 1451 Words

As time passed by, Moises would continue working with his cousin selling tacos around the corner to make money so that he may fulfill his goal of building the house his mother deserves. However, every time he would go to work for his cousin, he was going nowhere as he was barely making any money, and that was the money he would use to help his family during the present. There was no way that he was going to make the necessary amount of money to build that house. To make more money and make progress within his goals, he had to move to America as soon as possible. However, the only way possible that he had known during this time was to illegally go to America, and risk the potential chance of getting himself caught and getting in trouble with the border patrol. And obviously, that was one risk that he was not willing to take. He wanted to find a way for him to legally migrate to the United States to make some progress. So, he decided to wait it off until he can find a way to move to Am erica; thankfully, time was in his favor as well. That is because in the United State of America, there was a man named Ronald Reagan. During the 1980s, Ronald Reagan stated that, â€Å"I believe in amnesty for illegal aliens†, and that, â€Å"Rather [than] putting up a fence, why don’t we work out some recognition of our mutual problems, [and] make it possible to come here legally with a work permit, and then while they’re working and earning here, they pay taxes here. And when they want to go back, theyShow MoreRelatedMy Life At The United States911 Words   |  4 PagesEver since I can remember, I knew my destiny was coming to the United States sooner or later. In my beloved Colombia, I thought it would never happen, however, at the age 10, this girl had to fulfill her destiny. My transition and departure of my homeland was a mixture of heartbreak and joy. I was born in Medellin, Colombia in 1984, in a loving and unconventional family. After my mother, Gloria, was discharged from the hospital, we went to live with my grandparents, Alicia and Arturo, and my unclesRead MoreMy Life At The United States Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesretire, and I said: I’m leaving, if you want, you can stay in the business alone. She decided she didn’t want to stay alone so she retired with me. We are international travelers, we travel all the time. We have a beautiful house, we have a beautiful life. We are healthy. I’ve been all over the world in the past ten years, China, Cambodia, New Zealand, Laos, Tibet, Russia, Sweden, Norway, Alaska, all throughout South America, Rome, Holland. In June, we’re leaving to Serbia and to the Baltics. We goRead MoreThe Life Of Immigrants From The United States852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Immigrants Immigrants back home have many reasons to leave their countries, because of the economic situation in the countries. They leave their countries to get a better life. Most of them want to feel democratic and security. Most people leave their counties, because of less jobs opportunities and the governments are unfair to the citizen. People have so many reasons why they leave their countries. Some leave their counties because of religious, and they don’t have freedom ofRead MoreMy Life After The United States917 Words   |  4 PagesOne year ago, I was living alone in Saudi Arabia when my family came to United State. I recognized that year was very difficult because I thought my parents showed favoritism to me. They wanted to took all my sisters and my brother to study in United State, but they did not want me to come with them since I had faced a problem, which if I was studied in United State, I would be in ninth grade and that would make me late two years of graduatio n. However, in Saudi Arabia I was in my last year of highRead MoreMy Life After The United States1273 Words   |  6 PagesMy Life, My Story, My Future Do you know the struggles and how immigrants feel about leaving their whole life behind in their native country? Well, I should know, since I am an immigrant who has migrated from The Dominican Republic to the United States. A lot of people do not know how difficult it is for people to leave their countries, it has been five years since I came to the United States. The situation was very hard for my family and I. Since I was 2 years old, I have lived with my fatherRead MoreLiving A Double Life Of The United States827 Words   |  4 Pages Living a double life. Like Hanna Montana and Miley, Ying/ Yang, dark/ light and chicken with seasoning, Spanish and English was made a necessity to me. Broken Spanish from the streets of Havana, Cuba and scholarly English from the well-educated schools of The United States. Multiple education is what I have received throughout my lifespan, yet my heart does not pulsate like a running rabbits’ legs nor does it get warm and cozy at the thought of reading or writing. First and foremost, it all startedRead MoreThe United States Of American And The Kuwaiti Life879 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of American and the Kuwaiti life The United States of America is far most known as the best place for a person to live in and enjoy a peaceful life with no problems, at least most people believe that is true because they don’t have problems in their life but others do. Kuwait on the other hand, which is located in the Middle East beside Iraq and Saudi Arabia, is also a very peaceful life where enjoy it because they do not have anything that they have to worry about and the onlyRead MoreMy Life After The United States969 Words   |  4 PagesMy life was split between two distinct cultures during my childhood and adolescence. My family immigrated to the United States in the early eighties and moved back to Syria two years after I was born. I completed first and second grade in Syrian public schools before immigrating to the U.S. in 2001. Here, I was placed in English second language classes, which I completed in 9 months. I then continued my fourth grade education in regular classrooms. These two years exposed me to people of variousRead MoreMy Life After The United States912 Words   |  4 PagesI was born in Guatemala City, Guatemala. For the next twelve years, Guatemala would become the only home I ever knew. When I was five years old however, everything changed. My father left Guatemala to come to the United States and plan for the rest of his family to also move to the States in the correct way. He would work three jobs for the next six years to get enough money and prove that he would be a good provider for his family and even himself. This meant that we would have to be apart for sixRead MoreLife in India Versus Life in the United States Essay700 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Life in India and Life in USA† â€Å"Why are you going to live with your husband’s parents?† this was asked to me as I was about to enter the United States of America by an immigration officer at the airport. This day when I landed in USA I started to observe the difference between USA and India. If at the same time I would have been in India people would have frustrated me by asking a similar question but with a little difference â€Å"Why are you not going to live with your husband’s parents?† †¦ would have

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Ethical Behavior And Ethical Behaviour - 2009 Words

Introduction Ethical people according to Cramwinckel et al. (2013, p.93) are supposed not only to conduct themselves in an ethical manner but also in promoting ethical behaviour by punishing unethical behaviour and rewarding ethical behaviour. In truth, people in government sometimes reward behaviours that are unethical. This essay focuses on the concept of ‘Dirty Hands’, which normally occurs in public administration, especially amongst political leaders who transgress to serve the interest of the public. Still, ‘dirty hand’ concept has been debated extensively in the literature with the objective of establishing whether the ends justify means. Through the terrorism rhetoric and under the pretence of security threats, both the democratic law process and the constitutional limits concept are under attack. Proponents of unilateral public administration action believe that in extreme circumstances, the statutory limitations could be overlooked so as to realise the greater public good. Therefore, getting hands dirty through actions such as privacy invasion, imprisonment without trial, and torture can be justified if the objective is to protect the public interest. Moreover, advocates of dirty hands theory defend the unconstitutional action in emergency and extreme situations, and they still utilise this precedent in justifying and illegal activities for non-emergency policy believed to be in the good interest of the public. This essay seeks to determine whether people inShow MoreRelatedEthical Behavior And Ethical Behaviour1102 Words   |  5 PagesEthical behaviour is the ability to make decisions to act in the morally acceptable manner Dalke Ankerstar, 1995, p.7). It is critical in any organization because it helps in building a good reputation that becomes a company’s selling point. A good reputation enhances mutual understanding between the company and its publics that is the stakeholders, government, employees, customers and the general public. It gains the company a competitive edge in the business environment. It is an essential elementRead MoreEthical Behavior And Ethical Behaviour2009 Words   |  9 PagesEthical people according to Cramwinckel et al. (2013, p.93) are supposed not only to conduct themselves in an ethical manner but also in promoting ethical behaviour by punishing unethical behaviour and rewarding ethical behaviour. In truth, people in government sometimes reward behaviours that are unethical. This essay focuses on the concept of ‘Dirty Hands’, which normally occurs in public administration, especially amongst political leaders who transgress to serve the interest of the public. StillRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Workforce Ethics1584 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction. The Australian Government have put forward ethical standards that must be abided by when companies face ethical dilemmas. Many company’s follow these rules and go above and beyond to ensure ethically behaviour is maintained. However, many company’s fool the system by ‘bluffing’ that they act in an ethical behaviour. The major factor why companies opt to act ethically or unethically is to ensure they are competitive among the market. Ethical companies see maintaining ethically as a strategicRead MoreWhat Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethical Behavior in Business?†1741 Words   |  7 PagesEssay: â€Å"what are advantages and disadvantages of ethical behavior in business?† Business Ethics Some commentators, such as Milton Friedman, believe that the primary and only responsibility of business is to make money while abiding by the law. Supporters of this point of view argue that companies self-interested pursuit of profit benefits the whole of society. Profitable businesses clearly benefit shareholders, but other commentators, such as Edward Freeman, argue that businesses should alsoRead MoreUnethical Behavior And Ethical Behavior1519 Words   |  7 PagesUnethical behaviour and ethical behaviour are two factors that are found to be very different around the world. Ethical behaviour can be seen to come from an an individual with a high morality and proper conduct. Unethical behavior, defined as behaviour that violates generally accepted moral norms (Jones, 1991) can usually come from an individual that does not abide by the rules of morality. The professional world is where ethical and unethical behaviour is a constant topic. The professional worldRead MoreEthical Cons umerism Of Fast Fashion1750 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent years. However, the phenomenon of ethical consumerism in fast fashion is under-researched. This study explores current barriers to ethical consumerism in fast fashion. There is a body of research that investigate intention and the actual behavior of ethical minded consumers (Carrington et al. 2010; Beard 2008; Brandstà ¤tter et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2013) but not much has been done on ethical consumerism including the driving forces behind consumer behavior in in fast fashion industry. Data forRead MoreWhat Determines Criminal Behavior?1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermines criminal behavior? Are they born to be a natural born killer, is it in their genes, or is it a learned behavior? There are multiple factors resulting in criminal behavior, from genes to environmental factors. Although it is said and believed that criminal behavior is biologically determined there are even more learned or environmental factors that play a role in criminal behavior. There are four top social risk factors believed for the involvement of crime. Parental behavior plays a largeRead MoreOrganizational Culture : Business Practices1011 Words   |  5 Pages Does Organisational Culture Shape Ethical Business Practices? U5009333 Sarah Zuiderduin 14/10/2014 â€Æ' Introduction Organisation culture can be described as the beliefs, customs, value systems and behavioural norms and ways of doing business that are unique to each corporation. The impact of organisational culture on the ethical standards and moral practices of people in organisations has become increasingly common (Fisse Braithwaite, 1983). Managers within organisationsRead MoreThere Are Many Factors In An Organisation That May Lead1727 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many factors in an organisation that may lead to deviant workplace behaviour and such behaviour is not wanted, managers must generate strategies to reduce this behaviour within their organisations. The term, deviant workplace behaviour, is defined as behaviour, that is intentional, that violates important organisational models and while this is happening, it may be threatening the wellbeing of the organisation or its members (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Boyle, 2014, p. 21). A manager’s bestRead MorePersonal Leadership Philosophy : Ethics1513 Words   |  7 Pagesit essential to be an ethical leader because it establishes the key building blocks of a strong relationship between leaders and subordinates, which in turn allows for the implementation of my personal leadership style—transformational. As defined by Webster’s Dictionary ethics are: â€Å"involving questions of right and wrong behavior,† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). As a leader I believe it is important to have a strong ethical grounding as it allows you to conduct personal behaviour and actions in acceptable

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Planning for Leadership During a Merger Event free essay sample

A discussion of the importance of planning for the leadership needs of an organization before a merger or acquisition. This paper addresses the importance of assessing leadership needs of an organization when planning for a merger or acquisition. The psychological need of employees for strong leadership at this time, the change of direction for the organization and strategic vision are among the areas explored. A merger or acquisition is a major event for an organization and one that causes a significant amount of stress for employees and for the organization. At this time, it becomes especially important to address the leadership needs of the organization and ensure that effective leadership is provided that keeps both individual and organizational performance on track. The first aspect to consider is the needs of employees and especially why employees require strong leadership during a merger. Milward offers information on one of the most important reasons why mergers are stressful, which is that the culture of an organization changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning for Leadership During a Merger Event or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Milward says, culture represents peoples collective attempts to bring order and predictability to daily organizational life. Culture gives people a sense of belonging, a sense of direction and a sense of meaningful contribution in pursuit of a cause. (Milward, A. (2002). When Cultures Collide. Human Synergistics Internation

Wednesday, April 8, 2020

Broadcast Promotion / Marketing & Promotion Essays - Marketing

Broadcast Promotion / Marketing & Promotion Broadcast Promotion / Marketing In today's market you must: 1. generate and understand new ideas 2. tackle challenges of: a. building ratings b. building revenue 3. understand that the marketplace is cluttered and noisy with 2 - 3000 commercials each day 4. it's like the Field of Dreams: you have to think outside of the box to market what you build Marketing is defined as: 1. a philosophy, not a department 2. winning the perceptual battle 3. being much more multi-dimensional 4. having a much greater sophistication 5. for example: a. on-site display (signage) b. balloons c. live remotes d. movie screenings The evolution taking place in promotion / marketing: -p/m directors think more like executives -their job extends into stations and handling of clients and creating an increase demand for sales -they have to get people interested in the station -according to a recent survey, station GMs want p/m directors to become a marketing executive -the same survey says they have to look beyond the next promotion -also, a good mix of business management and creativity is essential -lastly, the survey said that a p/m director has to be able to generate: 1. ratings 2. revenue 3. goodwill P/M has four basic parts: 1. audience 2. sales 3. value-added 4. non-spot revenue - since there's limited space to sell ads, have to find other ways to make $ When promoting your station, there's countless avenues to take: 1. newspapers 2. TV 3. radio 4. billboards 5. bus/taxi placards 6. transit shelters 7. direct mail 8. special events The promotion must be: 1. in good taste 2. consistent with the station's public image 3. all literature must be factual and not lead on potential advertisers The basic skills needed for P/M are: 1. broadcast ratings 2. research techniques 3. budget planning capabilities 4. motivational techniques and how to apply them 5. advertising including characteristics of various media and how they can be used 6. media selection - know the buying process 7. on-air effects and results 8. generate favorable publicity 9. station promotion - other than non-air 10. effective sales promotion 3 ways to get message(s) to the public: 1. advertising 2. promotion 3. publicity Who are these publics? (everyone on local level or national spot level is public) 1. listeners/viewers 2. potential audience 3. special interest groups 4. community leaders 5. ad agency buyers 6. clients 7. potential clients 8. minority groups 9. the press in general The Promotion Director's job responsibilities (con't): 1. community relations - enhances image of station 2. audience promotion - informs or motivates them to watch a program 3. image promotion - reaffirm the station's image 4. sales promotion - media buyers and potential clients 5. marketing 6. merchandising/value-added - extras offered to clients 7. advertising - ways the station gets image to the public 8. publicity - like free newspaper space a. advantages: low cost & it's 4 times greater than an ad because it comes from a 3rd party b. disadvantages: you lose control of what's said The biggest promotional successes are those that the promise you make has to be different. Films and Cinema

Monday, March 9, 2020

Globalization means the Destruction of World Nations essays

Globalization means the Destruction of World Nations essays Globalization is a topic that when it is spoken about can cause some very heated conversations as to its effects. Some believe that globalization is the best way for countries to survive on world markets. Yet still many would say by pushing towards globalization we would be hindering the autonomy of small countries that would be overpowered and controlled. The pros and cons to globalization; many of which are problems we cannot control and/or change. Globalization is responsible for the slow destruction of our world on 3 major levels: First, the economy; Rich nations are showing little sympathy to developing economies by failing to adhere to the WTO Doha Development Agenda that will bring down trade barriers. Secondly, the environment; G8 nations (See Appendix A) are not making a very strong effort to meet with the stipulations of the Kyoto Protocol (See Appendix A) pact made in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Lastly, the autonomy of the people of developing countries; they are being left behi nd in terms of economics and the world market in light of that this should be reason for the UN (See Appendix A) to interfere and offer aid to ensure the safety of humanity everywhere. The economic unfairness of the agreements and pacts made by developed countries make it even harder for the economies of developing countries to compete on world markets. It has been argued that rich developed countries (See Appendix B) should try to bring down their trade barriers to ensure economic fairness towards developing countries economies. The economies of developing countries (See Appendix B) suffer high tariffs placed by developed countries. Rich developed countries also try to economically dominate entire developing countries through multi-national corporations from developed countries. These developing countries work very hard to try to make a name for their country and to be able to compete on the world market. Reference source from World Bank (See Appe...

Friday, February 21, 2020

Roger Ebert Review Nichols, Why are Ethical issues central to Essay

Roger Ebert Review Nichols, Why are Ethical issues central to Documentary Filmmaking - Essay Example ilmmaker with the ability to film familiar problems in the society that would probably not catch anyone’s interest in a renewed distinctive perspective thereby wins the audience attention. His filming techniques are able to arouse the audience feelings making them think of how to get solutions to the problems other than just living with the problems. Roger and Me documentary faced several ethical challenges. Michael Moores did not inform the social actors of the repercussions of taking part in the film. It was his responsibility to explain to his subjects the objectives of the documentary, how it would affect their public image and any compensations for any bad effect. The audience tend to believe what they see or hear, therefore, the people of Flint, Michigan, who were interviewed in the documentary, especially Miss Michigan did not deserve being portrayed as foolish to the public. The main objective of a documentary to tell the truth, it is a challenge to the filmmaker whether to tell the subjects of harmful effects of taking part or choosing not to film so as not to lie to the audience (Nichols). The filmmakers sometimes withhold informed consent as it would ruin their film if they revealed their intentions or the actual effects of a film. Michael Moore withheld the informed consent from the people of Flint, Michigan which is an act of deception which did not protect the social actors’ dignity and rights despite delivering a truthful piece to the

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

LAB report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab Report Example On the other hand, a dry density obtained through impacting of energy on the soil relies on the first initial content of water which is referred to as the moulding content of water. Getting to know the relationship between the moulding content of water and the achievable density is a topic that has been of concern for many years. The dry condition, and a moulding content water increase could lead into a high dry density compaction. The trend will continuous until when the maximum dry density is achieved at an optimum water content moulding. As the water increases, there would be a continuous dry density reduction. Such a reaction would be referred to as the curve of compaction. In order to gain a deeper insight concerning compaction, this experiment was set to investigate the compaction test. The sample mould base and mould mass would be determined to the nearest gram. The mould diameter and depth were measured. The mould depth was about 3 places where as the moulding diameter was about 6 places + or- 0.02 mm. The hammer, mass, proper drop, and square edges was checked for damages. A well-graded sand with fine that are less than five percent was used to ease the laboratory instruction. A material with particles that are oversize was selected to show the test aspects. Enough moist material was selected to give out approximately 12 kg of soil that is dry. The natural content of water was obtained. The amount of materials needed for the point of compaction was estimated. Five samples having contents of water separated by 1.5 percent were prepared. The water contents were adjusted such that they bracket the value that was optimum. The soil was tempered overnight to reduce the scatter in the data thus making it easy to define the curve of compaction. The compaction test was d one in respect to the standards of the ASTM test

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

The Evolution Of Corporate Espionage Business Essay

The Evolution Of Corporate Espionage Business Essay Espionage is the use of illegal means or deceptive practices to gather information. It is also commonly referred to as industrial or economic espionage. Industrial Espionage (or Economic Espionage) is the clandestine collection of sensitive, restricted or classified information. This information by its very nature is not openly accessible and can only be obtained through covert collection means. Industrial Espionage might include the theft of sensitive or restricted competitor information (such as financial data, restricted manufacturing processes, customer accounts, etc.), covert recruitment of sources within a competitors firm, and other such methods. Each and every day covert activities are being conducted for the purpose of obtaining information that can create value for another organization, be it a business or another government. Corporate initially meant united in one body (1398, from L. corporatus or corpus which means body  [1]  ). However, in due course of time the term the connotations attached with it finally paved way for the new age definition which is pertaining to a corporation or a group come together for a common goal. Moving onto Espionage, it means the systematic use of spies to get military, political or industrial secrets (1793, from Fr. Espionage  [2]  ). Corporate Espionage basically suggests impregnating a corporate system or structure with spies or systems so as to facilitate leakage of information which could in all probability mar the growth, financial stability the prospects of the victim organization to have sustained development in future. Corporate Espionage would cover illicit activities like theft of trade secrets, bribery, blackmail technological surveillance. And with developments that followed in the recent years, even attempts to sabotage a corporation may be conside red corporate espionage. Basically there are three primary motivations behind corporate espionage. First, an individual corporation may use corporate espionage to advance their goals towards maximizing shareholder value. Secondly, state-sponsored corporate espionage is an essential ingredient of modern day economic warfare or military application of the intellectual property. Thirdly, special interest groups may conduct corporate espionage to gather data to further their cause (i.e. environment interests). There are also instances where the distinction between legal and illegal intelligence gathering activities is blurred. Probably the most notorious case of corporate espionage that has been dealt in this study is Proctor and Gambles attempt to find out more about Unilevers hair care business by hunting through their garbage bins. Distinction between corporate espionage and competitive intelligence The difference between competitive intelligence and industrial espionage, is significant. By definition, industrial espionage refers to illegal activities which range everywhere from outright theft to bribery and everywhere in between. Conversely, competitive intelligence collection is governed for the most part by adherence to corporate and professional ethics which preclude the use of illegal means to obtain information. Moreover, the distinction between the two is in terms of modus operandi. At bottom, the competitive intelligence process consists of collecting information as elements which when legally, ethically but rigorously collected and analyzed, can provide the same kinds of information as might otherwise have only been available through such illicit means as theft. Burglary, outright theft or bribery might be some of the ways that criminals would resort to in order to obtain what a competitor may need constituting an act of corporate espionage. The evolution of corporate espionage over decades and the rationale behind its use The history of corporate/industrial espionage probably dates back to the sixth century when Justinian, the Byzantine emperor hired two monks to visit China. He wanted them to gain an understanding of silk production in China and to smuggle silkworm eggs and mulberry seeds out of that country to break its worldwide monopoly on silk production. The monks smuggled these eggs and seeds out of China in hollow bamboo walking sticks. Subsequently, in a few years the Byzantine Empire replaced China as the largest silk producer in the world. Over the centuries, industrial espionage practices continued to play a major part in the development of many countries. In the 18th century, alarmed by the industrial and military supremacy of Great Britain, France sent its spies to steal the latters industrial secrets. Corporate espionage gained more attention in the last few decades. Some of such instances are mentioned herein: In 1999, one of the most famous cases of corporate treachery, a Taiwanese company head was arrested as he was convicted to have paid an Avery Dennison (U.S. Label manufacturer) employee $160,000 for the secret formulas for the companys pressure-sensitive adhesive. In 1996, General Motors sued Volkswagen, charging that GMs former head of production had stolen trade secrets turned them over to Volkswagen. In 2000, Oracle Corporation head Larry Ellison had hired an investigation firm to dig out embarrassing secrets about Bill Gates headed Microsoft. In 2001, FBI arrested two employees from Lucent Technologies for conspiring to steal lucent trade secrets sell them to the Chinese government. In 2003, Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari charged Toyota with stealing the design for its Formula One racing car. Looking at the recent trend it becomes clear that corporate espionage cases have been increasing by leaps and bounds. The reasons for this can be attributed as: -advent of the information age with its tools and technologies has made it much easier to gather information and analyse intelligence. -Trained intelligence analysts can easily ferret out deeper information through masqueraded phone calls, purported interviews of the victim companys employees, going through their garbage, creating e-relationships with employees or joining use nets frequented by them. -The second issue that places most companies at risk is lack of employee awareness and education. At times, the management is to blame for the myopic approach that IT security should safeguard its intellectual property. The misplaced over-dependence on technology to protect the companys intellectual property is ridiculous, given that, even in the most digitised companies, over 70 per cent of critical information is still in non-digital forms. -Companies that invest hundreds of thousands of dollars in firewalls and PKIs (public key infrastructure) forget that over 15 per cent of their employees are talking to prospective new employers (or competition) at that very moment. Or that several third parties and temporary employees are swarming all over their organisation with complete access. -The single factor that makes corporate espionage devastating is its transparent nature. Physical assets when stolen get noticed and things can be attended to rapidly. But a company could be getting robbed of intellectual property or competitive advantage for years and might still not know what exactly is going wrong. Thus what began as that innocuous glance at what competition is doing, just to keep oneself abreast of the latest developments in the business one was in, is now taking the ugliest forms of ethical and legal violation. And this includes the entire gamut of wrongdoing: the selling of technological knowhow, product design, research papers, client lists and other trade secrets by loyal employees, infringing intellectual property law, teams resigning en masse from a company, taking along with themselves upscale, lucrative customers to the new entity, selling defence secrets in the lure of monetary kickbacks, and what not. In fact, corporate espionage has moved far from within the confines of the corporate sector to foreign nations, with many IT expatriates and even foreign employees with acquired citizenship acting as a conduit for the flow of confidential information from one corporate to another, from one nation to another. Cross border businesses and employees, remotely located custom ers in an era of E-Commerce, telecommuting contractual employees-all these are adding to the ease with which these acts of malfeasance are being committed. It is interesting to examine the Annual Report to U.S. Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage, FY 2008, it brings out the following:- The threat to the United States from foreign economic intelligence collection and industrial espionage has continued unabated since the publication of the Annual Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage, 2007. Economic espionage cases went up slightly and nearly every day brought reports-in the press and in the classified world-of new cyber attacks against US Government and business entities. Additionally, the increasing use of new modes of communication and social networking provided uncharted opportunities for transferring information and spying on the part of enterprising foreign intelligence services. According to evidence amassed by the US CI community, a wide variety of foreign entities continued to try to illegally acquire US technology, trade secrets, and proprietary information. With companies encouraging outsourcing of research and development (RD) and establishing foreign bases of operation, foreign entities had more opportunities to targe t US information and technologies and mask their collection activities. As a result, it was increasingly difficult to measure fully the extent of their espionage and illegal acquisitions. Nonetheless, the CI community assessed that the cost in FY 2008 remained high, given the number of legal cases, investigations, and technologies targeted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The FBI opened 55 new cases and pursued 88 pending cases during the reporting period, slightly more than reported in FY 2007. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ICE made 158 arrests in FY 2008 and achieved 187 indictments that resulted in 143 convictions for export-related criminal violations, more than any other Federal law enforcement agency. These efforts-similar to the previous year-significantly contributed to preventing sensitive US technologies, as well as weapons, from reaching terrorists, hostile countries, and violent criminal organizations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ DOC/BIS participated in more than 792 export investigations. This resulted in 40 criminal convictions, $2.7 million in criminal fines, over $800,000 in forfeitures, 56 administrative cases, and $3.6 million in administrative penalties. Wide Ranging Group of Actors According to information compiled during the reporting period, businessmen, scientists, engineers, and academics, as well as state security services from a large number of countries, continued to target US information and technology. The bulk of the collection activity, however, came from a core group of countries. Enduring Acquisition Methods While the most frequently reported collection methods remained the same during the past year, requests for information (RFI); exploitation of open-source media; and requests to purchase or share technology were often used. Some reports indicated an increase in the use of multiple methods in single contacts. General techniques included: RFIs Collectors used direct and indirect requests for information in their attempts to obtain valuable US data. These types of approaches often included requests for classified, sensitive, or export-controlled information. Solicitation or Marketing of Services Foreign companies sought business relationships with US firms that would enable them to gain access to sensitive or classified information, technologies, or projects. Acquisition of Technology Collectors continued to exploit direct and indirect acquisition of technology and information via third countries, the use of front companies, and the direct purchase of US firms or technologies in 2008. Conferences, Conventions, and Trade Shows These public venues offered opportunities for foreign adversaries to gain access to US information and experts in dual-use and sensitive technologies. Official Foreign Visitors and Exploitation of Joint Research Foreign government organizations, including intelligence and security services, also targeted and collected information, frequently through official contacts and visits. Statistics on visits and assignments to DOE facilities indicate that the number of visitors remained relatively stable compared to 2007. The statistics also show that visitors made multiple visits to individual facilities. China and Russia accounted for a considerable portion of foreign visits to DOE facilities during FY 2008. Cyber Attack and Exploitation Cyber threats are increasingly pervasive and are rapidly becoming a priority means of obtaining economic and technical information. Reports of new cyber attacks against US Government and business entities proliferated in FY 2008. Several adversaries expanded their computer network operations, and the use of new venues for intrusions increased. Threats against mobile telephones rose as well. Blackberry and iPhone-essentially general purpose computers-are susceptible to malicious software, according to opensource reporting. Foreign Targeting of US Travelers Overseas Foreign collectors also targeted US travelers overseas. Collection methods included everything from eliciting information during seemingly innocuous conversations to eavesdropping on private telephone conversations to downloading information from laptops or other digital storage devices. Targeted Information and Sectors Foreign collectors continued to seek a wide range of unclassified and classified information and technologies. Information systems attracted the most attention; aeronautics, lasers and optics, sensors, and marine systems were other top targets. Where as in case of India a report by Leslie DMonte Sapna Agarwal / Mumbai  February 10, 2007 from Business Standard (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/corporate-espionage-goes-undetected-unsolved-in-india/274229/) highlights the existing state of affairs , in that Corporate espionage virtually goes undetected and unresolved in India. The arrest of a VSNL employee for allegedly leaking information to a competing company is one of the few cases of corporate espionage to have come to light. However, a majority of corporate espionage cases go undetected. If detected, very few complaints come to light. And in the few cases that complaints are registered, hardly any action is taken. Only 20 per cent of corporate espionage cases are detected. Of this, a mere 20 per cent get reported and only 10 per cent can be solved, says Raghu Raman, CEO, Mahindra Special Services Group. Moreover, there have been very few convictions in India till date for corporate espionage or data theft, while not a single case has been registered under Section 66 of the IT Act 2000 the recent online ticket booking fraud cases where airlines were duped, is a case in point. In data theft cases, proving the crime is difficult. Besides, it could span across countries, under different jurisdictions, making it more difficult for law enforcement agencies, explains Vijay Mukhi, president, Foundation of Information Security and Technology (FIST). Every company I meet knows they are victim of some or the other form of data theft, but are not aware of how to deal with it, he adds. Any corporate leveraging intellectual property rights (IPR), offering cost-effective solutions or innovative or ingenuous solutions and not taking structured measures to protect its IPR, loses 5-10 per cent of their revenues to data theft, corroborates Raman. We get at least one or two cases every month, besides many inquiries; our clients ask us for specific information from their competitors or send dummy interviewees to find out salary packages, says Sunil Sharma, CEO, Authentic Investigation, Delhi. Ajay Jugran, Partner of law firm, Lawcombine, says, This malady is deep-rooted. Its prevalent when PSUs call for bids. Trading in bidding information is rampant. Companies are even using annual maintenance (AMC) contractors to plant surveillance software in rival firms. The software gives a daily log of the data via e-mail. Corporates have not woken to this fact despite the fact that the law (unless for national security purposes) does not permit this, explains cyberlaw expert and Supreme court lawyer, Pavan Duggal. Corporate Espionage has risen to epidemic levels. Espionage strategies range from illegal to merely seedy. In most cases, the best defense is employee awareness. The current organisational focus on risk management, governance, and compliance has, for some, blurred the responsibility for ensuring the security of an organizations assets. Corporations have to reconsider the effectiveness of their overall security programs, given the current threat of corporate espionage. Comprehensive security programs should address this threat. Though espionage cannot be eliminated, implementing multi-layer safeguards will at least minimize losses. What Can Companies Do? As competition in the global market place increases, so will the instances of corporate espionage. Therefore, companies both big and small need to take steps necessary to protect themselves from becoming a victim. Here are four necessary steps to help protect valuable data from falling into the hands of competitors. 1. Companies must identify what information is sensitive and classify it as such. Information such as RD processes and innovations or new market strategies are easily identified as sensitive. However, other information such as personnel files, pricing structure, and customer lists are often overlooked and left unprotected. 2. A company should conduct a risk assessment to identify vulnerabilities, and the probability that someone will exploit those vulnerabilities and obtain sensitive information. 3. Establish, review and update security policies and appropriate safeguards, both procedurally and technologically, to thwart attempts to exploit vulnerabilities and gain access to valuable company data. 4. Train all employees. Users, managers and IT staff all need to be trained in what business information needs to be safe guarded, techniques that can be used to gain access to sensitive data, and what procedures should be taken to report compromises or suspected attempts to solicit sensitive information. Government Involvement in the Espionage Threat Countermeasures -The government must conduct a threat assessment to determine risk and External / Internal flaws in the security the major corporations both private and public sector undertakings so as to prevent any possible attack of espionage. This would help protect such information as is necessary for keeping the economy of nation on track and preventing from it from any derailment by the financial loss that might be caused due to espionage activities. -There is a need of initiative on the part of government to make policies and procedures that would help in controlling the rampant increase of espionage activities. Such policies and procedures must be in writing and easy to understand and should be accessible easily. Further it is also needed that such regulations passed by government must be disseminated so that it becomes friendlier for the victim of corporate espionage to take recourse to the measures provided under this. -The government must also stay updated with regard to various developments that take place in the corporate world. For this revision of such policies and procedures is required from time to time. Such policies must also be updated annually so as to keep in touch with the latest technological developments. -The government must also take care of its assets, its people, its information, and its property so that it can utilize all these resources properly without any threat of being espionage by enemy organizations. -The government while handling various public sector undertakings must take care of its human resources. There must be Proper Position Descriptions of all the employees which must be accompanied with Pre-Employment Investigations about their background. It must be followed by Periodic Investigations so as to check any change in the behavior of a disgruntled employee. -The government must also advocate for the publication and release of Audits and Investigations. There must be regular audits of all areas, as this would help in investigations of losses and investigations of violations of policy. After doing this the government would be successfully able to check corporate espionage.

Monday, January 20, 2020

Tale Of Two Cities :: History

Tale Of Two Cities â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,† Dickens writes in the opening lines of A Tale of Two Cities as he paints a picture of life in England and France. The year is late 1775, and Jarvis Lorry travels from London to Paris on a secret mission for his employer, Tellson’s Bank. Joining him on his journey is Lucie Manette, a 17-year-old woman who is stunned to learn that her father, Doctor Alexandre Manette, is alive and has recently been released after having been secretly imprisoned in Paris for 18 years. When Mr. Lorry and Lucie arrive in Paris, they find the Doctor’s former servant, Ernest Defarge, caring for the him. Defarge now runs a wine-shop with his wife in the poverty-stricken quarter of Saint Antoine. Defarge takes Mr. Lorry and Lucie to the garret room where he is keeping Doctor Manette, warning them that the Doctor’s years in prison have greatly changed him. Thin and pale, Doctor Manette sits at a shoemaker’s bench intently making shoes. He barely responds to questions from Defarge and Mr. Lorry, but when Lucie approaches him, he remembers his wife and begins to weep. Lucie comforts him, and that night Mr. Lorry and Lucie take him to England. Five years later, the porter for Tellson’s Bank, Jerry Cruncher, takes a message to Mr. Lorry who is at a courthouse. Mr. Lorry has been called as a witness for the trial of Charles Darnay, a Frenchman accused of being a spy for France and the United States. Also at the trial are Doctor Manette and Lucie, who are witnesses for the prosecution. Doctor Manette has fully recovered and has formed a close bond with his daughter. If found guilty of treason, Darnay will suffer a gruesome death, and the testimony of an acquaintance, John Barsad, and a former servant, Roger Cly, seems sure to result in a guilty verdict. Questions from Darnay’s attorney, Mr. Stryver, indicate that Cly and Barsad are the real spies, but the turning point in the trial occurs when Sydney Carton, Stryver’s assistant, points out that Carton and Darnay look alike enough to be doubles. This revelation throws into doubt a positive identification of Darnay as the person seen passing secrets, and the court acquits Darnay. After the trial, Darnay, Carton, and Stryver begin spending time at the Manette home, obviously attracted to Lucie’s beauty and kind nature.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

The Compare and Contrast Microsoft DOS with UNIX

As is suggestive of its name, an operating system (OS) is a collection of programs that operate the personal computer (PC). Its primary purpose is to support programs that actually do the work one is interested in, and to allow competing programs to share the resources of the computer. However, the OS also controls the inner workings of the computer, acting as a traffic manager which controls the flow of data through the system and initiates the starting and stopping processes, and as a means through which software can access the hardware and system software. In addition, it provides routines for device control, provides for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks, and maintains system integrity. It also provides a facility called the user interface which issues commands to the system software. Utilities are provided for managing files and documents created by users, development of programs and software, communicating between users with other computer systems and managing user requirements for programs, storage space and priority. There are a number of different types of operating systems with varying degrees of complexity. A system such as DOS can be relatively simple and minimalistic, while others, like UNIX, can be somewhat more complicated. Some systems run only a single process at a time (DOS), while other systems run multiple processes at once (UNIX). In reality, it is not possible for a single processor to run multiple processes simultaneously. The processor of the computer runs one process for a short period of time, then is switched to the next process and so on. As the processor executes millions of instructions per second, this gives the appearance of many processes running at once. User programs are usually stored on a hard disk and need to be loaded into memory before being executed. This presents the need for memory management, as the memory of the computer would need to be searched for a free area in which to load a users program. When the user was finished running the program, the memory consumed by it would need to be freed up and made available for another user when required (CIT). Process scheduling and management is also necessary, so that all programs can be executed and run without conflict. Some programs might need to be executed more frequently than others, for example, printing. Conversely, some programs may need to be temporarily halted, then restarted again, so this introduces the need for inter-program communication. In modern operating systems, we speak more of a process (a portion of a program in some stage of execution (CIT, 3)) than a program. This is because only a portion of the program is loaded at any one time. The rest of the program sits waiting on the disk until it is needed, thereby saving memory space. UNIX users speak of the operating system as having three main parts: the kernel, the shell and the file system. While DOS users tend not to use the term kernel and only sometimes use the term shell, the terms remain relevant. The kernel, also known as the â€Å"Real Time Executive†, is the low-level core of the OS and is loaded into memory right after the loading of the BIOS whenever the system is started. The kernel handles the transfer of data among the various parts of the system, such as from hard disk to RAM to CPU. It also assigns memory to the various system-level processes that occur whenever the computer does anything. The kernel is also responsible for scheduling the CPU†s operations and for letting the shell access the CPU (PC Mag, 1). The shell is the visible user interface to the OS and is a program that loads on top of the operating system and offers users commands that lets them access the OS. Strictly speaking, the shell is an input utility that offers access to the operating system. Technically speaking, the shell, being a separate program, is not a part of the OS at all. In the UNIX world a number of shells are available, among them the Korn shell, the C-shell, the Bourne shell and the Bourne Again shell (yes, really). In DOS, the standard shell is COMMAND. COM, again nothing more than a program. As different versions of command. com came with different versions of DOS, each added new commands and new things that could be done by the user. For example, DOS 4†³s COMMAND. COM added theP switch to DEL to verify each deletion, and DOS 5†³s COMMAND. COM provided the ability to sort the output of the DIR command. An acronym for disk operating system, the term DOS can refer to any operating system, but is most often used as shorthand for MS-DOS. Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible computers. The initial version of DOS was somewhat uncomplicated and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have become increasingly sophisticated, however DOS remains a 16-bit operating system without support for multiple users or multitasking. The earliest forms of DOS were crude and utilized only a few commands, but as computers became more advanced, so did DOS. By keeping up with technology, DOS was implemented into more â€Å"user friendly† operating systems. However, as more sophisticated operating systems were released, DOS became less important. Today, cyberpunks involved with the latest OS trends joke that DOS stands for ‘Dad†s Operating System†Ã¢â‚¬  (Comerford, 23). In 1980, IBM asked the Microsoft Corporation to produce the operating system for its first personal computer, the IBM PC. Prior to this, a company called Seattle Computer Products had sold an operating system called 86-DOS to Microsoft. Microsoft hired the author of 86-DOS, Tim Paterson, in April of 1981 to modify the system, and renaming it MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), it was released with the IBM PC. Thereafter, most manufacturers of personal computers licensed MS-DOS as their operating system (Brittanica, 1). Limitations of the early PC†s hardware were a big influence on MS-DOS. Although the 8088 model computer had a 1Mb address space, IBM decided to allocate the first 640K of this to RAM, and the rest to ROMs, video boards and other things. Consequently, MS-DOS was set up to support programs whose maximum size was 640K. Version 1. 0 of DOS was released along with the IBM PC in August 1981. It occupied 12K of the systems 640K of memory, was somewhat compatible with CP/M and, much like CP/M, supported only a single directory. By contrast, even the first version of UNIX had a full hierarchical file system. In addition, Version 1. 0 supported only a 160K single sided 51/4-inch floppy diskette. Version 1. 1 was released by Microsoft in October 1982 and supported double sided 320K diskettes. Aside from fixing some bugs, this release was similar to Version 1. 0. Releases such as 1. 1, in which the number to the left of the decimal point is the same as the previous version depict relatively minor changes from the previous release. By contrast, Version 2. 0 was largely a new system. In March 1983, IBM introduced the PC/XT, its first personal computer with a hard disk. It came with a new variant of MS-DOS, Version 2. 0. In this version, Microsoft incorporated many ideas from the UNIX system for which it was also a vendor. For example, incorporating minor changes, the MS-DOS file system was taken largely from UNIX. In addition, the shell was improved, and Version 2. 0 supported a new floppy diskette format, the 360K as well as user installable device drivers, print spooling, system configuration and memory management. At this point, MS-DOS was established as the dominant operating system in PC market. In August 1984, IBM released its first 286 chip based PC, the PC/AT. The PC/AT supported memory up to 16 Mb and had the ability to run multiple programs at once. However, the version of MS-DOS that shipped with the PC/AT was 3. 0, which supported neither of these. Rather, it ran the PC/AT in a mode that simulated the 8088, only faster. Since the PC/AT came with a 1. 2Mb disk drive, battery backup clock, and configuration information in the CMOS, support for these devices was added. What's more, hard disks larger that 10Mb were now supported. In addition, the command processor (shell) was removed from the operating system and made into a separate program. In November 1984, 3. 0 was replace by 3. 1 which provided the first support for networking. In 1987, IBM came out with the PS/2 line of PC which shipped with MS-DOS 3. 3, providing support for both 720K and 1. 44Mb 31/3 floppy disk drives. With Version 4. 0, Microsoft added the DOS shell, a menu driven shell rather than the previous keyboard driven ones. In addition, it now provided support for hard drives larger than 32 Mb. A major new release, MS-DOS Version 5. 0 was shipped in April 1991. Although this was the first version that made any serious use of the extended memory, it still had the restrictions that programs could not exceed 640K. However, it had the ability to locate most of MS-DOS itself in extended memory, so about 600K of the lower 640K was now available for user programs. Version 5. 0 also came with a useful HELP utility, to aid new users. For the first time, MS-DOS was sold in stores to the public (previous versions were only sold to computer vendors who delivered them with their machines) (CIT, 1-3). The MS-DOS 6 family provided more memory management for applications such as Microsoft Windows. In addition, newer utilities were provided for disk-defragmentation, file compression, file backups and anti-virus checking. Other variations of MS-DOS exist, such as PC-DOS by IBM, DOS-V, Dr. DOS and others. There is even a FREE DOS available on the Internet as an MS-DOS clone. Although it can still be found on many computers, MS-DOS is technically an obsolete operating system, being replaced by Microsoft Windows. For personal computers, MS-DOS is a single user, single tasking operating system. Single user means only one person uses the computer at a time. Single tasking means that it essentially runs one application program at a time, and has no inherent support for running more than one application program simultaneously (CIT, 2). If we want to look at the basic DOS operating system itself, there is no need to look further than three system files, command. com, Io. sys and (in DOS6. x and earlier) Msdos. sys. These files are crucial in DOS versions up to 6. 22. Io. sys represents the lowest level of the interface and contains the routines necessary for interfacing the OS with the system†s BIOS. It implements MS-DOS as seen by the hardware and has default drivers for console display and keyboard, printer, serial communications, clock, and a boot disk drive. Msdos. sys handles the higher-level routines such as converting commands from applications into instructions for Io. sys. It implements MS-DOS as seen by application programs. It supports file and record management, memory management, character device input and output, execution of other programs, and access to a real-time clock (CIT, 3). Both of these files are in the root directory, and both are hidden from view by default. The idea is that you are not suppose to see them, so that you don†t do anything destructive to them (such as deleting them). They are also read-only so that they can†t be deleted accidentally. Command. com is the shell program which interprets user commands, presents the shell prompt, and contains a set of internal commands. The rest of MS-DOS consists of a number of utility programs. Although DOS had cornered the PC market, UNIX was still dominant on the larger workstations. The birth of UNIX in 1969 provided the world with its first modern operating system. An interactive multi-user operating system, UNIX was initially developed by programmers for their own use. Working for Bell Laboratories, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie created UNIX as an operating system for the PDP-7 computer. Designed as a simplification of an operating system named Multics, UNIX was developed in Assembly language, a primitive computer language specific to one type of machine (Osiris, 1). However, Thompson developed a new programming language â€Å"B† which Ritchie enhanced to â€Å"C†, and in 1973 this was used to rewrite UNIX which lended the OS portability (Linux Intl. , 1). The original design philosophy for UNIX was to distribute functionality into small parts, the programs (Theochem, 1). In this way, functionality could be achieved by combining the small parts (programs) in new ways. Moreover, if a new program were to appear, it could be integrated into the system. UNIX was slow to catch on outside of academic institutions but soon was popular with businesses as well. The first five versions were part of an internal research effort of Bell Labs, and it was not until the sixth version, called UNIX Timesharing Sixth Edition V, that UNIX was widely distributed (Osiris, 1). Relatively recent developments are graphical interfaces (GUI) such as MOTIF, X Windows and Open View. UNIX has two major versions. One, jointly developed by UNIX Systems Laboratories (USL) and by AT&T researchers together with Bell Labs, generically known as System V, is the commercial version and is the most widely distributed by major manufacturers. The second, developed by the University of Berkley and Berkley Software Distribution (BSD), is the educational version and is completely focused on research. The USL version is now on its fourth release, or SVR4, while BSD†s latest version is 4. However, there are many different versions of UNIX besides these two. The operating system has been licensed to several manufacturers who in turn developed their own versions of UNIX, based on System V or BSD, but adding new characteristics. Most versions of UNIX developed by software companies are derived from one of the two groupings and, recent versions of UNIX actually incorporate features from both of them. However, UNIX has had an unregulated history with over 200 versions (Berson, 16) existing today. The UNIX system is made up of three primary components, the kernel, the shell, and the utilities (which includes the file system). The central part of the OS, the kernel is the first program to start when the system is turned on and the last program to do anything when the system is halted. In addition to scheduling tasks, it manages data/file access and storage, enforces security mechanisms and performs all hardware access. The name â€Å"KERNEL† represents the fact that it is a program designed as a central nucleus, around which other functions of the system were added. The heart of the operating system, it not only interacts directly with the system†s hardware, but presents each user with a prompt, interprets commands typed by a user, executes user commands and supports a custom environment for each user. The two most common shells are the Bourne shell, default for the System V, and the C-shell used mainly with the BSD version (Osiris, 1). The utilities consist of file management (rm, cat, ls, rmdir, mkdir), user management (passwd, chmod, chgrp), process management (kill, ps) and printing (lp, troff, pr).

Friday, January 3, 2020

How to Meet People in College

Knowing how to meet people in college can be more challenging than you might have expected. There are tons of students, yes, but it can be hard to make individual connections in the crowds. If youre not sure where to start, consider one of these ten ideas: Join a club. You dont need to know anyone in the club to join; you just need to have a general interest about the clubs activities and mission. Find a club that interests you and head to a meeting -- even if its the middle of the semester. Join an intramural sports team. Intramurals can be one of the best features of being in school. Youll get some exercise in, learn some great athletic skills, and -- of course! -- make some great friends in the process. Volunteer on -- or off -- campus. Volunteering can be an easy way to meet people. If you find a volunteer program or group that shares your values, you can make a difference in your community while also making some personal connections with people just like you. Win-win! Attend a religious service on-campus. Religious communities can be like a home away from home. Find a service you like and the relationships will naturally bloom. Get an on-campus job. One of the easiest ways to meet folks is to get an on-campus job that involves in teracting with lots of people. Whether its making coffees in a campus coffee shop or delivering mail, working with others is a great way to get to know a lot of people. Get involved with a leadership opportunity. Being shy or an introvert doesnt mean you dont have strong leadership skills. Whether youre running for student government or just volunteering to organize a program for your club, serving in a leadership role can allow you to connect with others. Start a study group. While the main goal of a study group is to focus on academics, theres also an important social side. Find a few people who you think would work well in a study group and see if everyone wants to help each other out. Work for the campus newspaper. Whether your campus produces a daily newspaper or a weekly one, joining the staff can be a great way to meet other people. Youll not only connect with your fellow staff members, but youll also connect with all sorts of other folks doing interviews and research. Work f or the campus yearbook. Just like the newspaper, the campus yearbook can be a great way to connect. Youll meet tons of folks while working hard to document all that happens during your time in school. Start your own club or organization! it may sound silly or even intimidating at first, but starting your own club or organization can be a great way to meet other people. And even if only a few folks show up for your first meeting, thats still a victory. Youll have found a few people you share something in common with and who, ideally, you can get to know a little better.